Guava fruit Essay Example

Guava fruit Essay The intestinal digestive enzymes alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase are plays a vital role in the carbohydrate digestion. One antidiabetic therapeutic approach reduces the post prandial glucose level in blood by the inhibition of alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase enzymes. These can be an important strategy in management of blood glucose. The aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical bioactive compounds of the methanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves, its in vitro anti-diabetic activity.The assay results suggests that the presence of bioactive compounds, could be responsible for the versatile medicinal properties of this plant including diabetes, the extract exhibit the dose-dependent increase in inhibitory effect on alpha-glucosidase enzyme (upto 89. 4%), and alpha-amylase enzyme (upto 96. 3%). The current study proves that the antidiabetic activity of methanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves by in vitro studies. * Keywords Psidium guajava; Phytochemica l; alphaglucosidase; alpha-amylase Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a complex and a diverse group of disorders that disturbs he metabolism of carbohydrate, fat and protein. The number of diabetes mellitus cases has been increasing worldwide in recent years. In 2000, the world health organization estimated a total of 171 million of people with diabetes mellitus from the global population, and this report projected to increase to 366 million by 2030 (Wild et al. , 2004). With a long course and serious complications often resulting in high deathrate, the treatment of diabetes spent vast amount of resources including medicines, diets, physical training and so on in all countries.Thus searching for a new class of compounds is essential to overcome diabetic problems. There is continuous search for alternative drugs (Syamsudin, 2010). 15 Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci (2013) 2(2):15-19 Psidium guajava Linn. (Myrtaceae) is commonly known as Peru or Guava in English. The Psidium guajava leaves are used in the treatment of diarrhoea, cough, stomachache, dysentery and decoction of the leaves for cholera patients, toothache and gum boils. The leaves showed hypoglycemic, cardioprotective, myocardial depressant, antimicrobial, antispasmodic actions (Ross, 1999).Inhibition of alphaamylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes can be an important strategy in management of post prandial blood glucose level in type 2 diabetes patient (Ali et al. , 2006). Thus, objective of the present study is to investigate the phyto chemical, invitro antidiabetic activity of methanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves. reducing sugar, tannins, flavonoids, steroids and alkaloids by using standard phytochemical procedures (Evans, W. C and Evans, T. 2003). In vitro methods employed in antidiabetic studies Inhibition of alpha-amylase enzyme A starch solution (0. 1% w/v) was obtained by stirring 0. g of potato starch in 100 ml of 16 mM of sodium acetate buffer. The enzyme solution was prepared by mix ing 27. 5 mg of alpha-amylase in 100 ml of distilled water. The colorimetric reagent is prepared by mixing sodium potassium tartarate solution and 3, 5 di nitro salicylic acid solution 96 mM. Both control and plant extracts were added with starch solution and left to react with alpha- amylase solution under alkaline conditions at 25? C. The reaction was measured over 3 minutes. The generation of maltose was quantified by the reduction of 3, 5 dinitro salicylic acid to 3amino-5- nitro salicylic acid.This reaction is detectable at 540 nm (Malik and Singh, 1980). Materials and Methods Plant material and extraction The fresh leaves of Psidium guajava were collected locally and authenticated by the department of Botany, St. Joseph College, Trichy. The shade dried Psidium guajava leaves were powdered mechanically and stored in an air tight container. The extraction was carried out by hot percolation method using Soxhlet apparatus. The solvent used was methanol. About 100 gm of powder was extracted with 600 ml of methanol. The extract was concentrated to dryness under controlled temperature 4050Â °C.The percentage yield was found to be 10. 15%. The extract was preserved in refrigerator till further use. Phytochemical Screening For preliminary phytochemical analysis the freshly prepared crude methanolic extracts of leaves were tested for the presence or absence of phytoconstituents such as 16 Inhibition of alpha-glucosidase enzyme The inhibitory activity was determined by incubating a solution of starch substrate (2 % w/v maltose or sucrose) 1 ml with 0. 2 M Tris buffer pH 8. 0 and various concentration of plant extract for 5 min at 37Â °C.The reaction was initiated by adding 1 ml of alpha-glucosidase enzyme (1U/ml) to it followed by incubation for 40 min at 35Â °C. Then the reaction was terminated by the addition of 2 ml of 6N HCl. Then the intensity of the colour was measured at 540nm (Krishnaveni et al. , 1984). Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci (2013) 2(2):15-1 9 Calculation of 50% Inhibitory Concentration (IC50) The concentration of the plant extracts required to scavenge 50% of the radicals (IC50) was calculated by using the percentage scavenging activities at five different concentrations of the extract.Percentage inhibition (I %) was calculated by I % = (Ac-As)/Ac X 100, (Shai et al. , 2010). where Ac is the absorbance of the control and As is the absorbance of the sample. Table 1 Phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves S. No. Phytochemical Constituents Name of the Test Mayer s test Dragondraff test Wagner Test Molish Test Fehling Test Benedicts Test Lead Acetate Ferric chloride. Ammonia Salkowaski H2So4 Liebermann s Burchard Test H2So4 Ammonia Shinoda s Test Ferric chloride Sodium chloride Borntrager s test Methanolic Extract + + + + + + + Condensed Tannin + + + + + _ Alkaloids 2 3 4 5 6 Carbohydrates Tannins Pseudo tannins Chlorogenic acid Steroidal Glycosides Anthocyanin Steroidal Glycosides Saponins g lycosides Flavonoids Flavones Phenols Coumarin Phytochemical constituents Results The preliminary phytochemical screening tests for the methanol extract of Psidium guajava leaves (Table 1) revealed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavones, tannins, steroidal glycosides, phenols and coumarin. Any of these secondary metabolites, singly or in combination with others could be responsible for the anti-diabetic activity of the plant.There was a dose-dependent increase in percentage inhibitory activity against alphaamylase enzyme. At a concentration of 0. 2 ml of plant extract showed a percentage inhibition 27. 8% and for 1. 0 ml plant extract showed inhibition of 96. 3% (Table 2). The Psidium guajava methanol extract revealed a significant inhibitory action of alpha-glucosidase enzyme. The percentage inhibition at 0. 2-1. 0 ml concentrations of Psidium guajava extract showed a dose dependent increase in percentage inhibition. The percentage inhibition varied from 89. 4% 31. 7% for highest concentration to the lowest oncentration (Table 3). 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 +++= High; + = Present; ++ = Moderate; = Absent Table. 2 In vitro antidiabetic activity of alpha-amylase method S. No 1 2 3 4 5 Concentration of Sample (ml) 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 % of Inhibition 27. 8 48. 9 62. 5 87. 2 96. 3 17 Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci (2013) 2(2):15-19 Table 3 In vitro antidiabetic activity of alpha glucosidase method S. No 1 2 3 4 5 Concentration of Sample (ml) 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 % Of Inhibition 31. 7 53. 9 68. 2 76. 5 89. 4 Discussion Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with increasing incidence throughout the world.Insulin is a key player in the control of glucose homeostasis. Lack of insulin affects carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism (Rajiv Gandhi and Sasikumar, 2012). Management of diabetes without side effects is still challenge to the medical community. It was proposed that inhibition of the activity of such alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase would delay the degradation of carbohydrate, which would in turn cause a decrease in the absorption of glucose, as a result the reduction of postprandial blood glucose level elevation (Rhabaso Lhoret and Chiasson, 2004).In the present study, research has been carried out to evaluate the preliminary phytochemical investigation and the potential of methanol extract of Psidium guajava leaf in inhibiting alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase. The present finding of Phytochemical screening of the plant extract confirmed the presence of several bioactive compounds like alkaloids, flavones, tannins and phenols which could be responsible for the versatile medicinal properties of this plant. The present finding reveals that Psidium guajava efficiently inhibits both alpha18 mylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes in vitro in a dose dependent manner. The aqueous extracts from Syzygium cumini seeds and Psidium guajava leaves both showed a dose dependent inhibitory effect on alpha-amylase activity (K arthic et al. , 2008). The antidiabetic action of Psidium guajava can also be attributed to the intestinal alpha-amylase and alphaglucosidase inhibitory activity. Further studies are required to elucidate whether Psidium guajava have antidiabetic potential by in vivo for validating the traditional claim of the plant.In this present study we evaluated in vitro alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase activity of crude methanol extract of Psidium guajava leaves. The plant showed significant inhibition activity, so further the compound isolation, purification and characterization which is responsible for inhibiting activity, has to be done for the usage of antidiabetic agent. Acknowledgement The authors are grateful to Dr. P. Selvaraj, Chairman, Shivani Group of Institutions, Trichy, whose spacious heart cheered our efforts to process this venture properly, successfully to complete the task.Also we extend our thanks to The Secretary, The Principal and The Staff members of the SSK Polytechni c College, Trichy, Tamilnadu, India. References Ali, H. , P. J. Houghton, and Soumyanath, A. 2006. J. Ethnopharmacol. 107: 449-455. Evans, W. C. , and Evans, T. 2003. Pharmacognosy, 5th Edn. , Cambridge University Press, London, 336-93. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci (2013) 2(2):15-19 Karthic, K. , K. S. Kirthiram, S. Sadasivam, and Thayumanavan, B. 2008. Identification of amylase inhibitors from Syzygium cumini Linn seeds. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 6:677- 680. Krishnaveni,S. , B.Theymoli, and Sadasivam,S. 1984. Food Chem. 15: 229. Malik,C. P. , and Singh, M. B. 1980. Plant Enzymology and Histoenzymology, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, p. 278. Rajiv Gandhi, G. , and Sasikumar, P. 2012. Antidiabetic effect of Merremia emarginata Burm. F. in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Asian. Paci. J. Tropi. Biomedicine. 2: 281-286. Rhabaso Lhoret, R. , and Chiasson, J. L. , 2004. Glucosidase inhibitors. In: Defronzo R. A, Ferrannini E, Keen H, Zimmet P. (Eds. ), International Textbook of Di abetes Mellitus, Vol. 1, third ed. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. , UK, pp. 901-914. Ross, I. A. 1999. Medicinal Plants of the World, Chemical constituents, traditional and modern medicinal uses. Human Press Inc. , Totowa, NJ. 263-272. Shai, L. J. , P. Masoko, M. PMokgotho, S. R. Magano, M. A. Mogale, N. Boaduo, and Eloff, J. N. 2010. South African J. Bot. 76: 465 470. Syamsudin,S. , 2010. Standardization of extract of Leucaena leucocephala (lmk) De Wit seeds by -glucosidase inhibitor. Int. J. Phytomedicine. 2. 430-435. Wild, S. , G. Roglic, A. Green, R. Sicree, and King, H. 2004. Global prevalence of Diabetes estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes care. 27:1047-1053. 19 Guava fruit Essay Example Guava fruit Essay The intestinal digestive enzymes alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase are plays a vital role in the carbohydrate digestion. One antidiabetic therapeutic approach reduces the post prandial glucose level in blood by the inhibition of alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase enzymes. These can be an important strategy in management of blood glucose. The aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical bioactive compounds of the methanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves, its in vitro anti-diabetic activity.The assay results suggests that the presence of bioactive compounds, could be responsible for the versatile medicinal properties of this plant including diabetes, the extract exhibit the dose-dependent increase in inhibitory effect on alpha-glucosidase enzyme (upto 89. 4%), and alpha-amylase enzyme (upto 96. 3%). The current study proves that the antidiabetic activity of methanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves by in vitro studies. * Keywords Psidium guajava; Phytochemica l; alphaglucosidase; alpha-amylase Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a complex and a diverse group of disorders that disturbs he metabolism of carbohydrate, fat and protein. The number of diabetes mellitus cases has been increasing worldwide in recent years. In 2000, the world health organization estimated a total of 171 million of people with diabetes mellitus from the global population, and this report projected to increase to 366 million by 2030 (Wild et al. , 2004). With a long course and serious complications often resulting in high deathrate, the treatment of diabetes spent vast amount of resources including medicines, diets, physical training and so on in all countries.Thus searching for a new class of compounds is essential to overcome diabetic problems. There is continuous search for alternative drugs (Syamsudin, 2010). 15 Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci (2013) 2(2):15-19 Psidium guajava Linn. (Myrtaceae) is commonly known as Peru or Guava in English. The Psidium guajava leaves are used in the treatment of diarrhoea, cough, stomachache, dysentery and decoction of the leaves for cholera patients, toothache and gum boils. The leaves showed hypoglycemic, cardioprotective, myocardial depressant, antimicrobial, antispasmodic actions (Ross, 1999).Inhibition of alphaamylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes can be an important strategy in management of post prandial blood glucose level in type 2 diabetes patient (Ali et al. , 2006). Thus, objective of the present study is to investigate the phyto chemical, invitro antidiabetic activity of methanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves. reducing sugar, tannins, flavonoids, steroids and alkaloids by using standard phytochemical procedures (Evans, W. C and Evans, T. 2003). In vitro methods employed in antidiabetic studies Inhibition of alpha-amylase enzyme A starch solution (0. 1% w/v) was obtained by stirring 0. g of potato starch in 100 ml of 16 mM of sodium acetate buffer. The enzyme solution was prepared by mix ing 27. 5 mg of alpha-amylase in 100 ml of distilled water. The colorimetric reagent is prepared by mixing sodium potassium tartarate solution and 3, 5 di nitro salicylic acid solution 96 mM. Both control and plant extracts were added with starch solution and left to react with alpha- amylase solution under alkaline conditions at 25? C. The reaction was measured over 3 minutes. The generation of maltose was quantified by the reduction of 3, 5 dinitro salicylic acid to 3amino-5- nitro salicylic acid.This reaction is detectable at 540 nm (Malik and Singh, 1980). Materials and Methods Plant material and extraction The fresh leaves of Psidium guajava were collected locally and authenticated by the department of Botany, St. Joseph College, Trichy. The shade dried Psidium guajava leaves were powdered mechanically and stored in an air tight container. The extraction was carried out by hot percolation method using Soxhlet apparatus. The solvent used was methanol. About 100 gm of powder was extracted with 600 ml of methanol. The extract was concentrated to dryness under controlled temperature 4050Â °C.The percentage yield was found to be 10. 15%. The extract was preserved in refrigerator till further use. Phytochemical Screening For preliminary phytochemical analysis the freshly prepared crude methanolic extracts of leaves were tested for the presence or absence of phytoconstituents such as 16 Inhibition of alpha-glucosidase enzyme The inhibitory activity was determined by incubating a solution of starch substrate (2 % w/v maltose or sucrose) 1 ml with 0. 2 M Tris buffer pH 8. 0 and various concentration of plant extract for 5 min at 37Â °C.The reaction was initiated by adding 1 ml of alpha-glucosidase enzyme (1U/ml) to it followed by incubation for 40 min at 35Â °C. Then the reaction was terminated by the addition of 2 ml of 6N HCl. Then the intensity of the colour was measured at 540nm (Krishnaveni et al. , 1984). Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci (2013) 2(2):15-1 9 Calculation of 50% Inhibitory Concentration (IC50) The concentration of the plant extracts required to scavenge 50% of the radicals (IC50) was calculated by using the percentage scavenging activities at five different concentrations of the extract.Percentage inhibition (I %) was calculated by I % = (Ac-As)/Ac X 100, (Shai et al. , 2010). where Ac is the absorbance of the control and As is the absorbance of the sample. Table 1 Phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves S. No. Phytochemical Constituents Name of the Test Mayer s test Dragondraff test Wagner Test Molish Test Fehling Test Benedicts Test Lead Acetate Ferric chloride. Ammonia Salkowaski H2So4 Liebermann s Burchard Test H2So4 Ammonia Shinoda s Test Ferric chloride Sodium chloride Borntrager s test Methanolic Extract + + + + + + + Condensed Tannin + + + + + _ Alkaloids 2 3 4 5 6 Carbohydrates Tannins Pseudo tannins Chlorogenic acid Steroidal Glycosides Anthocyanin Steroidal Glycosides Saponins g lycosides Flavonoids Flavones Phenols Coumarin Phytochemical constituents Results The preliminary phytochemical screening tests for the methanol extract of Psidium guajava leaves (Table 1) revealed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavones, tannins, steroidal glycosides, phenols and coumarin. Any of these secondary metabolites, singly or in combination with others could be responsible for the anti-diabetic activity of the plant.There was a dose-dependent increase in percentage inhibitory activity against alphaamylase enzyme. At a concentration of 0. 2 ml of plant extract showed a percentage inhibition 27. 8% and for 1. 0 ml plant extract showed inhibition of 96. 3% (Table 2). The Psidium guajava methanol extract revealed a significant inhibitory action of alpha-glucosidase enzyme. The percentage inhibition at 0. 2-1. 0 ml concentrations of Psidium guajava extract showed a dose dependent increase in percentage inhibition. The percentage inhibition varied from 89. 4% 31. 7% for highest concentration to the lowest oncentration (Table 3). 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 +++= High; + = Present; ++ = Moderate; = Absent Table. 2 In vitro antidiabetic activity of alpha-amylase method S. No 1 2 3 4 5 Concentration of Sample (ml) 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 % of Inhibition 27. 8 48. 9 62. 5 87. 2 96. 3 17 Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci (2013) 2(2):15-19 Table 3 In vitro antidiabetic activity of alpha glucosidase method S. No 1 2 3 4 5 Concentration of Sample (ml) 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 % Of Inhibition 31. 7 53. 9 68. 2 76. 5 89. 4 Discussion Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with increasing incidence throughout the world.Insulin is a key player in the control of glucose homeostasis. Lack of insulin affects carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism (Rajiv Gandhi and Sasikumar, 2012). Management of diabetes without side effects is still challenge to the medical community. It was proposed that inhibition of the activity of such alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase would delay the degradation of carbohydrate, which would in turn cause a decrease in the absorption of glucose, as a result the reduction of postprandial blood glucose level elevation (Rhabaso Lhoret and Chiasson, 2004).In the present study, research has been carried out to evaluate the preliminary phytochemical investigation and the potential of methanol extract of Psidium guajava leaf in inhibiting alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase. The present finding of Phytochemical screening of the plant extract confirmed the presence of several bioactive compounds like alkaloids, flavones, tannins and phenols which could be responsible for the versatile medicinal properties of this plant. The present finding reveals that Psidium guajava efficiently inhibits both alpha18 mylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes in vitro in a dose dependent manner. The aqueous extracts from Syzygium cumini seeds and Psidium guajava leaves both showed a dose dependent inhibitory effect on alpha-amylase activity (K arthic et al. , 2008). The antidiabetic action of Psidium guajava can also be attributed to the intestinal alpha-amylase and alphaglucosidase inhibitory activity. Further studies are required to elucidate whether Psidium guajava have antidiabetic potential by in vivo for validating the traditional claim of the plant.In this present study we evaluated in vitro alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase activity of crude methanol extract of Psidium guajava leaves. The plant showed significant inhibition activity, so further the compound isolation, purification and characterization which is responsible for inhibiting activity, has to be done for the usage of antidiabetic agent. Acknowledgement The authors are grateful to Dr. P. Selvaraj, Chairman, Shivani Group of Institutions, Trichy, whose spacious heart cheered our efforts to process this venture properly, successfully to complete the task.Also we extend our thanks to The Secretary, The Principal and The Staff members of the SSK Polytechni c College, Trichy, Tamilnadu, India. References Ali, H. , P. J. Houghton, and Soumyanath, A. 2006. J. Ethnopharmacol. 107: 449-455. Evans, W. C. , and Evans, T. 2003. Pharmacognosy, 5th Edn. , Cambridge University Press, London, 336-93. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci (2013) 2(2):15-19 Karthic, K. , K. S. Kirthiram, S. Sadasivam, and Thayumanavan, B. 2008. Identification of amylase inhibitors from Syzygium cumini Linn seeds. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 6:677- 680. Krishnaveni,S. , B.Theymoli, and Sadasivam,S. 1984. Food Chem. 15: 229. Malik,C. P. , and Singh, M. B. 1980. Plant Enzymology and Histoenzymology, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, p. 278. Rajiv Gandhi, G. , and Sasikumar, P. 2012. Antidiabetic effect of Merremia emarginata Burm. F. in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Asian. Paci. J. Tropi. Biomedicine. 2: 281-286. Rhabaso Lhoret, R. , and Chiasson, J. L. , 2004. Glucosidase inhibitors. In: Defronzo R. A, Ferrannini E, Keen H, Zimmet P. (Eds. ), International Textbook of Di abetes Mellitus, Vol. 1, third ed. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. , UK, pp. 901-914. Ross, I. A. 1999. Medicinal Plants of the World, Chemical constituents, traditional and modern medicinal uses. Human Press Inc. , Totowa, NJ. 263-272. Shai, L. J. , P. Masoko, M. PMokgotho, S. R. Magano, M. A. Mogale, N. Boaduo, and Eloff, J. N. 2010. South African J. Bot. 76: 465 470. Syamsudin,S. , 2010. Standardization of extract of Leucaena leucocephala (lmk) De Wit seeds by -glucosidase inhibitor. Int. J. Phytomedicine. 2. 430-435. Wild, S. , G. Roglic, A. Green, R. Sicree, and King, H. 2004. Global prevalence of Diabetes estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes care. 27:1047-1053. 19

The History of the Electric Telegraph and Telegraphy

The History of the Electric Telegraph and Telegraphy The electric telegraph is a now outdated communication system that transmitted electric signals over wires from location to location and then translated into a message. The non-electric telegraph was invented by Claude Chappe in 1794. His system was visual and used semaphore, a flag-based alphabet, and depended on a line of sight for communication. The optical telegraph was later replaced by the electric telegraph, which is the focus of this article. In 1809, a crude telegraph was invented in Bavaria by Samuel Soemmering. He used 35 wires with gold electrodes in water.  At the receiving end,  the message was read 2,000 feet away  by the amount of gas produced by electrolysis. In 1828, the first telegraph in the USA was invented by Harrison Dyar, who sent electrical sparks through chemically treated paper tape to burn dots and dashes. Electromagnet In 1825, British inventor William Sturgeon (1783-1850) introduced an invention that laid the foundation  for a large scale revolution in electronic communications: the electromagnet. Sturgeon demonstrated the power of the electromagnet by lifting nine pounds with a seven-ounce piece of iron wrapped with wires through which the current of a single cell battery was sent. However, the true power of the electromagnet comes from its role in the creation of countless inventions to come. The Emergence of Telegraph Systems In 1830, an American named  Joseph Henry (1797-1878) demonstrated the potential of William Sturgeons electromagnet for long distance communication by sending an electronic current over one mile of wire to activate an electromagnet, causing a bell to strike. In 1837, British physicists  William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone patented the Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph using the same principle of electromagnetism. However, it was Samuel Morse (1791-1872) who successfully exploited the electromagnet and bettered Henrys invention. Morse started by making sketches of a magnetized magnet based on Henrys work. Eventually, he invented a telegraph system that was a practical and commercial success. Samuel Morse While teaching arts and design at New York University in 1835, Morse proved that signals could be transmitted by wire. He used pulses of current to deflect an electromagnet, which moved a marker to produce written codes on a strip of paper. This  led to the invention of Morse Code. The following year, the device was modified to emboss the paper with dots and dashes. He gave a public demonstration in 1838, but it wasnt until five years later that Congress, reflecting public apathy, awarded him  $30,000 to construct an experimental telegraph line from Washington to Baltimore, a distance of 40 miles. Six years later, members of Congress witnessed the transmission of messages over part of the telegraph line. Before the line had reached Baltimore, the Whig party held its national convention there  and nominated Henry Clay  on  May 1, 1844. The news was hand-carried to Annapolis Junction, between Washington and Baltimore, where Morses partner Alfred Vail wired it to the capitol. This was the first news dispatched by electric telegraph. What Hath God Wrought? The message  What hath God wrought? sent by Morse Code from the old Supreme Court chamber in the United States capitol to his partner in Baltimore officially opened the completed line on May 24, 1844. Morse allowed Annie Ellsworth, the young daughter of a friend, to choose the words of the message and she selected a verse from Numbers XXIII, 23: What hath God wrought? to be recorded onto paper tape. Morses early system produced a paper copy with raised dots and dashes, which were translated later by an operator. The Telegraph Spreads Samuel Morse and his associates obtained private funds to extend their line to Philadelphia and New York. Small telegraph companies, meanwhile began functioning in the East, South, and Midwest. Dispatching trains by telegraph started in 1851, the same year Western Union began business. Western Union built its first transcontinental telegraph line in 1861, mainly along railroad rights-of-way. In 1881, the Postal Telegraph System entered the field for economic reasons and later merged with Western Union in 1943. The original Morse telegraph printed code on tape. However, in the United States, the operation developed into a process in which messages were sent by key and received by ear. A trained Morse operator could transmit 40 to 50 words per minute. Automatic transmission, introduced in 1914, handled more than twice that number. In 1900, Canadian Fredrick Creed invented the Creed Telegraph System,  a way to convert Morse code to text. Multiplex Telegraph, Teleprinters, Other Advancements In 1913, Western Union developed multiplexing, which made it possible to transmit eight messages simultaneously over a single wire (four in each direction). Teleprinter machines came into use around  1925 and in 1936 Varioplex was introduced. This enabled a single wire to carry 72 transmissions at the same time (36 in each direction). Two years later, Western Union introduced the first of its automatic facsimile devices. In 1959, Western Union inaugurated TELEX, which enabled subscribers to the teleprinter service to dial each other directly. Telephone Rivals the Telegraph Until 1877, all rapid long-distance communication depended upon the telegraph. That year, a rival technology developed that would again change the face of communication:  the telephone. By 1879, patent litigation between Western Union and the infant telephone system  ended in an agreement that largely separated the two services. While Samuel Morse is best known as the inventor of the telegraph, he is also esteemed for his contributions to American portraiture. His painting is characterized by delicate technique and vigorous honesty and insight into the character of his subjects.

Dental Office Network Systems Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dental Office Network Systems - Case Study Example Despite the robustness of the proposed network, the report will details its risks along with its benefits. Network Requirements The entire organization, which has five offices, must connect to a central repository where all data will be stored. Because of this reason, proposed network must have a server to store all files for the five offices. In addition, the need for a fast and reliable network calls for a fast network connection that supports high throughput such as T1 lines. In the new organization, four dentists are mobile, which calls for a provision of remote connectivity such as VPN along with switching services using routers and layer three switches. With the network responsible for securing patient’s data as per HIPPA laws, the network must allow data encryption and authentication of users who access the network. Safety of Information Safety of patient’s data is an paramount goal the proposed network must address effectively. Since the organization will be dea ling with crucial information about patients, all information about patients including admission and treatment records be safe and secure. This will be possible if the files server will encrypt data using encryption such as EAS. Moreover, the network must protect data during transmission using encryption techniques and technologies such as VPN. Among the five offices, the network must allow senders and recipients of data to authenticate before transmission of data. The VPN technologies will mobile workers to connect to the central file server securely without compromising on safety of data (Baldauf & Stair, 2011). The network must also have a firewall and intrusion detection system to prevent any unauthorized access to the organization’s data. Users will also need to authenticate their devices before using the network especially wireless access points due to security concerns. Network Type, Components, Devices, and Equipment for the Network A metropolitan network (MAN) system is the best network type that will match the requirement of the new organization. A MAN network has the capacity to span several cities and capable of delivering high bandwidth connections using existing telecommunication lines (Morley & Parker, 2009). The proposed network will have several components to link the five offices and the remote workers. Consequently, the proposed network will have five routers connected with serial cables in a mesh topology. These routers connect to layer three switches to enable packet switching and separation of departments using VLANS. The switches must have at least enough number of ports and support security protocols such as IPSEC. For remote workers, each will have a laptop and a VPN enabled dongle that will allow them establish a secure connection to the central database. With security being a vital issue, devices such as firewalls and backups devices must be located within the network to improve security and recovery process. Most important, t he network must have a network server that will store all data and identifiable using a static IP address and a secondary backup in the cloud to provide continuity during an outage. The servers must have power backup and standby power generators not to mention hot swap features to avoid taking the server offline during service. Network Design Diagram The network diagram for the proposed netw

European Integration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 3

European Integration - Essay Example It was through this European Integration Roundtable of Industrialists is that the transnational corporations tried to influence the European integration process, the nineteen eighties. It was this ERT forum from where a number of industrialists of Europe helped in the forming of agenda and the re-launching of the single market program. This also led to the development of transnational elite capitalists you brought in a number of neo-liberal concepts and ideas which eventually helped the formation of a single market program. Adriaan H. Dierx(2004, p. 237) states ‘The process of European integration and the past decade has been closely associated with the single market program (now evolved into the internal market strategy) and economic and monetary union. This process has been pushed forward by highly publicized deadlines and target dates giving the first impression of abrupt change in the economic environment. In practice, however, businesses and consumers tend to anticipate such change and modify their behavior even before the formal change is made. On the other hand, often the full impact of the economic reform is felt only years after their introduction. This implies that European integration as a continuous process, one in which the speed of progress may be affected by policy initiatives such as the SMP and the EMU and which takes place in conjunction with other events influencing the behavior of economic agents and the performances of the economy, such as globalization or the ICT revolution.à ¢â‚¬â„¢ The ERT can be viewed as an elite comprising of trans-national capitalists who have neoliberal concepts and who occasionally takes part in the social struggle for dominance in the European culture. Europe is not is becoming a part of the global economy, politically and financially. Therefore the businesses in Europe are transforming to globalized and transnationalised businesses. There are basically three large economic blocks in the world:  USA, Japan, and Europe.  

Substance abuse in teenager Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Substance abuse in teenager - Scholarship Essay Example It has been seen that there are 2.5 million deaths each year due to alcohol consumption. There are a lot of people between the age group of 15 and 29 who are dying from ‘alcohol- related causes† and disorders due to intake of drugs is found in 15.3 million people (Substance Abuse, 2011). When the use of drugs goes beyond the realm of experiment into a â€Å"problematic involvement† then it is specified under different classification system. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM- IV), fourth edition is a one such primary system which has mentioned the major indicators of substance abuse. It includes â€Å"role impairment, physically hazardous use, recurrent substance related legal problems and drug related social and interpersonal difficulties (Mash & Barkley, 2009, pp.185). Substance abuse has now become very common in case of teenagers in United States and this necessitates proper treatment programs and preventive measures. Substance abuse is a phenomenon which has become very common among different sections of the population especially the teenagers or adolescence. Adolescence period is a very crucial time in a child’s life because it a time when changes are observed on â€Å"biological, cognitive and social levels.† They come across new scenarios in their lives and often many are involved in substance abuse. Teenagers often resort to drugs and alcohol as they think them to be the mediums to become stress free. At times in their quest to â€Å"fit in with peers† or in trying to model the behavior of some family member they take the help of drugs and alcohol (Berman, 1995). The use of alcohol and drugs among the teenagers has increased over the years across the world. In United States, the studies have shown that more than half of the students in 12th grade had consumed illicit drug. Almost 76.8% students had consumed alcohol. A number of students in the 8th grade were also found to have taken drugs and alcohol. Drug use does not

Effect of Free Trade on a Countrys Economy

Effect of Free Trade on a Countrys Economy Table of contents 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Free trade does add wealth to the economy 2.1 Analysis 2.1.1 Advantages 2.1.2 Disadvantages 2.2 Evaluation 3.0 Conclusion 4.0 Recommendation 4.1 Greater Competitiveness 4.1.1 Cannot ignore trade protection policy 4.1.2 Adverse Working Conditions 5.0 Appendix 6.0 Reference 1.0 Introduction This report aimed to discuss the effect of free trade for the country’s economy, so free trade is a system in which goods, capital, and work flow freely between nations, without barriers which could delay the trade process. Actually, many nations have free trade agreements, and some international organization promotes free trade between their members. Because of free trade provide lower prices for goods and services by promoting. However, there are a number of quarrels both for and against this practice, from a variety of economists, politicians, industries, and social scientists. According to Tom Chmielewski (2014), a lot of economists approve NAFTA has caused some general enhancement in US jobs, but with bad effects. Free trade can cause disorder in parts of a national economy, for instance long-established industrial slices already in a weak position to global competition. Besides that according to Edward Alden, a researcher at CFR, wages have not kept pace with output of w ork, and income unfairness, and these phenomena indicate that trends speeded to some range of free trade. Due to this information, this report will research the relationship between free trade and economy, and find out the economic impact of the free trade. 2.0 Free trade does add wealth to the economy Free trade promotes innovation and competition. Free trade is a kind of really fair trade because it offers customers the most choices and the best chances to improve the standard of living. Free trade fosters competition, spurring companies to introduce and develop better products and to take more of their goods and services to market, keeping costs low and quality high in order to retain or increase their market share. By fostering opportunities for the country businesses, free trade rewards risk taking by increasing gross revenue, profit margins, and market share. The companies can opt to build on those profits by spreading out their operations, putting down new market sectors, and creating better paying occupations. Free trade, reinforced by the dominion of law, removes such incentives for corruption by spurring economic growth, increasing the number of better paying jobs, and finally increasing the level of prosperity. Free trade policies can also attract Higher Foreign Investme nts, free markets encourage more investment in the land. Foreign directed investment goes to where capital is needed, improving productivity and driving increase in many nations. However, for the economic, nowadays the most important feature is economic globalization. Economic globalization can be determined as the procedure by which markets and output in different nations are becoming increasingly interdependent due to the Dynamics of trade in goods and services and flows of capital and technology. The acceleration of free trade can bring down the tariffs and eliminate discriminatory treatment in international trade. Developing countries open up many types of free economic zones in ports and traffic areas in order to build up the economy and promote its exports. For example Shanghai free trade zone, NAFTA. 2.1 Analysis From a worldwide perspective, free trade certainly increases the overall amount of wealth in the economy. By getting rid of barriers to trade, governments encourage members of the economy system to specify in performing whatever they perform best and then trading to fulfill their desires and demands. When trade is efficient, a firm can concentrate its production ability completely on the country in which it holds a relative advantage. Free trade can put manufacturing nations such as the United States at a disadvantage relative to less developed countries. Businesses in the United States are heavily limited by health, confinement, and environmental rules. This often makes production in less developed nations less expensive than production in the US. There is no doubt that everything has two positions. For these problems, I have done some research to obtain a figure of advantages and disadvantages: 2.1.1 Advantages 1. Internal influences: a. Customer Satisfaction Because free trade leads to a global marketplaces, customers benefit from the competition and diversity brought to the marketplaces. When other countries produce some goods cheaper, the customers will want to choose the others products. Another advantages to customers is increased improvements. For a free trade expands, at the same time, the competition also expands. In order to keep competitive, companies must find a lot of ways to create the relative benefit. So this contributes to increased improvement that improves products. b. Regional economic growth and employment Due to free trade may cause employees in any special area that make them feel strangeness, but works in the exporting and importing sides will be improved by them. When productivity increases in importing and exporting, salaries also incline to rise. c. Foreign Exchange Gains and Decreased Poverty When a country purchases some products from another country use money, they basically send the exporting country non-interest-bearing IOUs in exchange for real items. So the exporting country must utilize the money within the state that imported the products. For instance, the United States purchases steel from China use US dollar at the current market value. In addition, after they purchase items that China will also utilize the US dollar to purchase computer systems from the United States at the future market value. In a word, States that open their trade environment to permit free trade have the chance to enter the worldwide securities industry, which will increase income for the country. In the 1990s, developing countries that lifted trade restrictions tended to raise three times faster than countries that restricted trade. 2. External influences: During the international direction of value principle, free trade can excite international competition and boost the development. Free trade also has promoted the international division of labor and the development of trade. And increasing the international market is one of the advantages. Besides that it makes some countries which have the advantage of investment environments easy to grip foreign capital. For example, In 2004 China began to reduce tariffs for more than 500 kinds of products. An agriculture company harvested trade reached $ 1,020,000, increasing 38%. Its growth is higher than 2003. Vegetable exported $ 450,000, an increase of 31.8%, fruits $ 230,000, an increase of 25.4%, aquatic $ 180,000, an increase of 59.1%. Since the adoption of free trade, corporate profits and employee income growth. 2.1.2 Disadvantages 1. Economic Dependence Free trade increases the economic dependence on other countries for some necessary products such as food, clothes, raw materials, etc. So dependence shows harmful, mostly during wartime. 2. International Monopolies: Free trade may lead to international monopolies. It promotes the formation of transnational corporations. These corporations tend to gain a monopoly situation and therefore harm the interest of the citizenry. 3. Harmful to Less Developed Countries: a. Competition under free trade sometimes is unfair. Because the fewer developed countries are very difficult to get advances on the developing countries. b. Under free trade, gains of trade are unfair distributed relying on the level of development of different nations. The relationship of trade are friendly for the developed countries, and unfavorable for the poor countries. For example: Free trade policy accepted by the British government in India led to the end of Indian cottage and small scale manufactures. 2.2 Evaluation From the above, it can be seen that free trade is a kind of â€Å"more good than harm† economic ways. Free trade is intended to cancel unfair barriers to global business and promote the economy system in developed and developing countries the same and significantly alters the business relationship between nations, many of the changes are beneficial. These advantages can positively stimulate economies. 3.0 Conclusion Free trade is all important to a developing economy. It opens up huge markets. Resources flow to where they are the most rich. Productivity is enlarged, and more competition equally to lower prices. In addition, higher savings are a consequence, and the poor and all others have larger income, and thus the economy turns. Investment can be blown up with growing revenues and competition. However, for low income economies such as Vietnam have a huge bonus, higher needs for works equally to higher salaries and employment. In total, it improves the salaries of employees, improves employment and economy, and creates peace. 4.0 Recommendation Developing countries should pay attention to the impact of free trade: 4.1 Greater Competitiveness Free trade means that national economies are exposed to higher market competition, which local firms must learn to adjust to. 4.1.1 Cannot ignore trade protection policy Developing countries cannot give up economic intervention due to trade liberalization. Moderate free protection policy can let developing countries obtain better effects in some infant industry 4.1.2 Adverse Working Conditions For weak countries try to cut costs to get a price advantage, many workers in these countries have low wages, deficient working conditions and even forced labor and use child labor and insulting them. 5.0 Appendix Appendix 1: The major world trading powers Source: http://europa.eu/pol/pdf/flipbook/en/trade_en.pdf. Appendix 2: The EU’s biggest trade partners: goods Trade and investment flow spread new ideas and innovation, Benefits for the trade include lower prices and greater choice for consumers, as imported food, consumer goods and components for products manufactured in Europe become cheaper 6.0 Reference http://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/free-trade.asp http://smallbusiness.chron.com/negative-effects-trade-5221.html http://economyincrisis.org/content/managing-foreign-trade-does-trade-create-wealth-nation http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2012/11/15/in-an-increasingly-globalized-economy-free-trade-is-more-important-than-ever/ http://smallbusiness.chron.com/explanation-trade-advantages-3843.html http://smallbusiness.chron.com/negative-effects-trade-5221.html http://www.theaustralian.com.au/higher-education/free-trade-in-ideas-will-generate-wealth-for-all/story-e6frgcjx-1226062159428 http://www.ehow.com/list_6733682_effects-trade-developing-nations.html Level 1 Asia Pacific University 1

Management and Leadership Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Management and Leadership What is leadership? Leadership is having the ability to give guidance to those that will follow. Those that follow will help to complete the mission. Leadership is a soft science, just as anthropology, sociology and psychology. It cannot be proven exactly what it is. Leadership is an art, the skillful application of leadership behaviors beyond techniques is much the same as the skillful application of brushstrokes by a master painter. Leadership is both rational and emotional. It involves both sides of human experience. It includes actions and influences based on reason and logic as well those based on inspiration and passion. Leadership is a social process shared among all members of a group. Leadership development comes through experience. We all learn from our different experiences. Whether positive or negative, they are our tools for growth and development. What is management? Management is a position of authority. Management says what need to get done and supplies the material to get it done. Management tends to be the more educated than the experienced. Managers can be trained to hold a position. Management is a position of leadership. Can leadership and management be the same? Leadership and management are not the same. Anyone can be a manager and not have any followers. Being able to manage is knowing the aspects of a mission. A leader knows the aspects, has the knowledge and the skills to accomplish the mission. But leadership and management work hand in hand with each other. The management sets the stage and the leadership makes it happen. Leadership is a human relationship process. No scientific method can be used for testing leadership. Leadership is based on human factors and no two humans are the same. Managers are not only interested in status quo, but also production, expansion and growth. Management was a system to control machines. Leadership can never be controlled. Where one sits in life determines what you see. To be a good manager one must look at views from different perspectives. As situations change, leadership relations change. Leadership cannot be transactional. It can only work if both parties keep their agreements. A class survey was held to compare leaders to managers. The overall opinion was that they are similar in many ways. A leader and a manager can be one in the same. The difference be... ...ent opinions. Many studies have been done and know one still knows what makes a true leader. We are far from finding conclusive answers to them. Even those individuals with extensive knowledge of leadership research may be poor leaders. Leadership does not occur without followers, and followership is an easily neglected component of the leadership process. Leadership is everyone business and everyone responsibility. Thinking about leadership can help a person become a better leader than you are right now. In conclusion, my opinion is as follows. The leadership process is a total learning process. We all are leaders in our own way at different times in our lives. For example a father or mother with children, their children look to them for guidance. They also learn their values and about their culture through them. That is having leadership abilities. Friends look to each other for advice and different experiences that each of them have done. Some people perform leadership acts on the daily basis and don ´t even realize it until they think about it or until someone brings it to their attention. That ´s why it ´s said that a part of learning about leadership is to always think about it.