Saturday, October 5, 2019
Personal Resourcing and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Personal Resourcing and Development - Essay Example After the implementation of active workplace programme at Ginsters, a survey highlighted that the workers in the organisation engage with the company and assume pride in doing their work. This is an indication of increased motivation in comparison to the prior years. Despite the fact that the employees of Ginsters stood and worked for long hours, a fitness test conducted by the Caradon Council found them to be unfit (Hudson, 2010). This made the company employ a fitness coordinator on fulltime basis and purchased a gym in an existing building. This was an incentive or reward to the workers. The manager of Ginsters acknowledged that the workers had been convinced to participate in the different activities within the organization. At Ginsters, the motivational theory that can be applied to the situation of employees is the expectancy theory. According to this theory, the employees perform their work in a hard and smart way whenever they believe that their additional efforts would resul t into rewards that are valuable (Pinder, 2008). This is evidenced at Ginsters when a gym is introduced in the existing building of the organisation to offer exercises to the workers. The expectancy theory of motivation highlights that increased output would be given by the equation; Motivational or effort force = Expectancy (Instrumentality x Valence) (Pinder, 2008). In this case effort force implies the force expended by the employees in achieving the performance that is desired. Expectancy is the belief that any force or effort would lead to a required performance level (Mitchell, 2003). On the other hand, instrumentality implies the thought that the needed performance will lead to an outcome that is desired and... From this paper it is clear that Ginsters company is a winner of the World Leisure 2008 innovation award and the company’s active workplace employee programme wellness has experienced significant results. This essay stresses that the company failed to have a firm a stand on its employer. Despite the fact that this company provides a significant amount of career opportunity for individuals, the company experiences various challenges. About 18 % of the 450-workforce strongholds were obtained from individuals with minority backgrounds. These people were constantly resisting the chances to be integrated into the company team. The day and night shifts did not mix and the different production areas mistrusted each other. An annual survey study established that the morale of the workers was low. After the implementation of active workplace programme at Ginsters, a survey highlighted that the workers in the organisation engage with the company and assume pride in doing their work. This is an indication of increased motivation in comparison to the prior years. Despite the fact that the employees of Ginsters stood and worked for long hours, a fitness test conducted by the Caradon Council found them to be unfit. Instrumentality implies the thought that the needed performance will lead to an outcome that is desired and valence is the employees outcome value. The active workplace programme implementation at Ginsters, was an aspect of expectancy theory.
Friday, October 4, 2019
Violent Media Essay Example for Free
Violent Media Essay Violent media is inevitable in our daily lives. In recent years, the popular media seem to have become increasingly violent. Whenever you turn on the TV, read the newspaper or comic books and also when you play video games you can easily find that violence is one of the most popular forms of entertainment. Some people believe that violent media have positive effects on young people and children, however others think that violent stories are harmful to kids and we need to keep them away from them. I think that violent media can affect children in many bad ways. According to Gerard Jones, violent media has positive effects on kids because through this stories, they can meet their emotional and development needs. Also they can help children and young people improve their self-knowledge and sense of potency though heroic, combative storytelling. Jones also believes that violent media is a positive influence on children because some cartoons, bloody videogames, toy guns and other â€Å"creative violence†gives children a tool to master their rage and also says that children need violent entertainment in order to explore the inescapable feelings that they had been taught to deny. Jones makes some good points. He says that violent media makes children more confident and with the idea of superheroes and it makes them feel powerful, when in reality they feel powerless since that comes with being â€Å"young and small. †He used the example of his son. He said that his son was afraid of climbing trees and the writer read him an old Tarzan Comic book and that made him a more confident kid. After that his child climbed the tree. Kids always try to imitate what they see. However others think the opposite, that violent stories are harmful to kids and we need to keep them away from these stories. Cartoon violence makes children more aggressive â€Å"High levels of violence in cartoons such as Scooby-Doo can make children more aggressive, researchers claimed. They found that animated shows aimed at youngsters often have more brutality than programmers broadcast for general audiences. And they said children copied and identified with fantasy characters just as much as they would with screen actors. The study also found that youngsters tended to mimic the negative behavior they saw on TV such as rumor-spreading, gossiping and eye-rolling. The U. S. psychologists quizzed 95 girls aged ten and 11 about their favorite TV shows, rating them for violent content and verbal and indirect aggression. The shows included Lost, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, American Idol, Scooby-Doo and Pokemon. The researchers found that output aimed at children as young as seven, which included a number of cartoons, had the highest levels of violence†. In my opinion violent media can affect children in many bad ways. It might make them feel addicted of wanting to see more media images or video games of violence just because they find it cool and also because their friends also like it. Moreover violent media might cause aggressive behavioral problems, they can become less aware to hurt and sorrows of other people and they would be more afraid of their environment, and finally they would be more aggressive and bellicose. Everything that children see or hear in the media early on their lives affect them in some ways. Unfortunately, violence is one of the most popular forms of entertainment.
Thursday, October 3, 2019
New Digital Technologies: Creativity and Innovation
New Digital Technologies: Creativity and Innovation How true is the debate that New Digital Technologies has enhanced our ability to be more creative and innovative? Since the dawn of time, man has continuously been inventing things which will ensure the survival of his kind. His desire to settle and to make life easier has necessitated him be innovative and creative. The necessity to keep warm made him invent new ways to make fire. For making hunting easier, he invented tools made out of stone. Thus man’s journey through time to his current state wouldn’t have been possible without the use of technology which made up for his weaknesses. New Digital technologies are allowing us spread our wings and explore specific areas which were previously possible. It has been shown that creativity depends mainly on communication and personal initiative. Innovative ideas come about when people from all walks of life come together and share task-related ideas. This gives them the opportunity to share their knowledge and expertise with the rest of the world. Every digital product we have today has passed through the creative process whereby it allows for continuous development in the technological industry. The creative process is something which takes months and even years to implement. The mobile phone is a typical innovative example which took a long time to be implemented by the public due to fear of social acceptance and lack of resources to fund the project. Certain innovative products depend heavily on social acceptance. The mobile phone was accepted because it made peoples life easier and therefore they started making use of it. This in turn facilitated more innovation because it offered faster communication between people. Another exampl e is the interactive whiteboard which was not that successful as people opted to use the normal whiteboard instead of the new high tech boards. This was because teachers deemed it as less complicated and easy to use. Even though the interactive whiteboard encourages creativity with all of its functions, people did not adopt it due to its complexity. Advancement in technology has led to faster ways of communication however certain digital technologies such as social networking and emails are hindering creativity and people are becoming lazier as it is creating a world where there is less face to face communication and people are adopting more the use of digital technology to communicate with other people. Even though technology is allowing humans to concentrate more on idea generation and less about unnecessary things, we are now facing a problem that is polluting our environments. It is having a bad effect on the younger generation because it is reducing their ability to think since they are depending more and more on technology to do the thinking for them. Creativity and innovation is something every human is born with and it can only flourish if it is nurtured. Technology in certain people’s hands can increase quality of work and idea generation while on the other hand it can also make people lazy and depend heavily on it. In the past an artist wasn’t able to make 3-D art and he could neither manipulate images with ease as he could have done with a computer application. In today’s modern era an artist is only limited by his imagination because computer applications such Photoshop and Illustrator allow him explore and create amazing things with a lot of detail and accuracy. Costs also play an important factor in innovation and creation because you need money to invest in technology in order to support your research, further your ideas and eventually sell it to the public. Another example is Microsoft word which allows for easy data transfer and in turns speeds up the innovation process as ideas are shared faster. I n order to stimulate creativity, more work should be done on personalization in technology as it provides a holistic approach for developing technology in conjunction with the outstanding creativity in action. New Digital Technology has had a great impact on manufacturing organizations because they are continuously seeking to lower their costs by introducing technology to replace physical labour. At first thought one might think that it is bad, however upon closer inspection one may see that it is allowing humans to work hand in hand with technology itself. Instead of doing physical labour, machines are allowing us to focus on using our brains to become more skilled at innovating and generating ideas. Advanced Manufacturing technology changed the definition of the job as a worker at a factory. Previously employees use to do all the work necessary to get the product finished and now all that has changed. Today employees supervise machines and make use of reprogrammable software in order to control them. The implication of this implementation is that the productivity chain produces better quality products and allows for faster output levels .Furthermore all the expenses spent that use to be spent on labour and training can now be spent on innovating new ways to further enhance productivity. Innovation plays an important role in the long term and it is necessary for the survival of organizations. A company exists in a dynamic and continuously changing environment. It is essential for a company to keep up with the pace of technology in order to survive in its own business environment. However, a company must also be aware of the needs for changes in its own organizational structure and functioning, in order to adapt itself to such a changing environment. Management of innovation is difficult because individuals adapt to their environment. It was found that innovation is affected a lot by leadership, group working, climate and problem solving style. Therefore it is of utmost importance that we include them in a model that facilitates humans to be more innovative. Technology facilitates the process of innovation with the use of prototypes. Prototypes give us a physical model of an idea which can be touched and then be refined into a better product for the consumer. Ideas ma y be innovative in theory however when they are applied to real life situations, they might end up not being as popular as expected. Therefore experiments are made in order to test their theories and see if it can be applied to enhance its current situation. Experiments on large scale projects cost a lot of money and therefore digital technology can be used cut down on costs and provide at the same time provide more detailed feedback. These experiments are done through simulation software which predicts all the possible outcomes using mathematical theories. In sum, too much addiction to the latest technological inventions seems to be a detriment to the psychological and physical health of our humans. It should be noted that a variety of technological temptations alienate person from person, even giving rise to a state of hopelessness and loneliness within us. Indulging in technology may trigger serious crises, such as academic plagiarism and moral deterioration. But on the other hand, the application of technology to all fields opens another door for us and allows us to be more creative and innovative.
Wednesday, October 2, 2019
Comparing Roderick Hudson s Rowland Mallet and The Ambassadors Lambert Strether :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays
Comparing Roderick Hudson 's Rowland Mallet and The Ambassador's Lambert Strether One of Henry James' outstanding qualities is that, to a greater extent than with most writers, the only way to really understand him is to simply read a great deal more of him. This statement takes one thing largely under its assumptive stride, that is that there is something to understand, something suggested and promised by, but not contained within, his immaculate and elegant prose. Again, to a greater extent than with most novelists, with Henry James it is safe to say that the real story unfolds not fully in the light thrown off by the explicit story-telling; no matter how elaborate or complete the narrative web, there is always something beyond it, a greater significance that we are pointed to by a constant inability fully to explain to ourselves, at least within its own terms, the story we are reading. Taking Roderick Hudson from the earlier years, and The Ambassadors from the later, we can trace a certain evolution in the way James handled the themes that pervaded his work as well as his life, namely, disengagement, isolation, difference. Comparing, in these two novels, the portrayal of this resigned but not fully explicated isolation, each comes to shed an enormous light into the hidden recesses of the other, and onto James' larger project as a writer of fiction. The central characters of these two books compare in interesting ways. On a certain surface Roderick's Rowland Mallet and The Ambassador's Lambert Strether are quite different. For example, in their respective relations to the opposite sex†¹an important aspect of character in analyzing James' portrayal of isolation†¹the two men appear to have quite different histories. Though he is twenty years younger than Strether, it is significant that Mallet has never married. We are given, on the very first page of the novel, the gossamer-thin reason that upon meeting the "golden fruit" that his cousin had married, he had "then and there accepted the prospect of bachelorhood."(RH, 49) When his cousin dies, leaving this woman again marriageable, Mallet's "fancy", oddly, dies a "natural death"(49). Strether, on the other hand, has married; but, having married very young, he is, at fifty-five, a long-time widower. (The circumstances of Strether's marriage, and the deaths of his wife and son, "stupidly sacrificed"(TA, 114), sound a little like the plot-line of a James short story.)
Critical Essay Of Slaughterhouse Five -- essays research papers
Slaughterhouse Five      Critics of Kurt Vonnegut’s are unable to agree on what the main theme of his novel Slaughterhouse Five may be. Although Vonnegut’s novels are satirical, ironical, and extremely wise, they have almost no plot structure, so it is hard to find a constant theme. From the many people that the main character Billy Pilgrim meets, and the places that he takes us, readers are able to discern that Vonnegut is trying to send the message that there will always be death, there will always be war, and humans have no control over their own lives.      Most of the book is the narrative from Billy Pilgrim a unique character who has the ability to become â€Å"unstuck in time†, which means that he can uncontrollably drift from one part of his life to another â€Å"and the trips aren’t nessicarilly fun†. The whole books is organized in the same way Billy moves in time. In consists of numerous sections and paragraphs strung together in no chronological order, seemingly at random. The whole narration is written in the past tense, so that the reader cannot identify where the author’s starting point is. This aspect of the book is almost identical with the Tralfamadorian type of book:           â€Å"There isn’t any particular relationship between all the           messages, except that the author has chosen them carefully, so that,when seen all at once, they produce an image of life that is beautiful and suprising and deep. There is no beginning, no middle, no end, no suspense, no moral, no causes, no effects. What we love in our books are the depths of many marvelous moments seen all at one time.†          I agree with Mark Vit when he says that the most often expressed theme of the book is that we, as people, are â€Å"bugs in amber†. The phrase first appears when Billy is kidnapped by the Tralfamacorian flying saucer:           â€Å"Welcome aboard, Mr. Pilgrim.†said the loudspeaker. ‘Any questions,?’           Billy licked his lips, thought a while, inquired at least: ‘Why me?’           That is a very Earthling quest... ... When a Tralfamadorian sees a corpse, all he thinks is that the dead person is in bad condition in that particular moment, but that the same person is just fine in plenty of other moments. Now, when I myself hear that somebody is dead I simply shrug and say           what the Tralfamadorians say about dead people, which is â€Å"so it goes†.           Because of passages like this, many people are able to draw inferences to an almost spiritual quality in the book. The ideas that the Tralfamadorians hold defiantly point to predestination and maybe even a type of eternal life.      So what was Vonnegut trying to say to us? That it does not matter what we do in our lives because they will end up the say way regardless? Several people have read the book and come away with that message.      Regardless of Vonnegut’s intent, his final product was a book about the absurdity of war and death. Someone may live a noble life or be a war hero, but in the end, they will die, and the war will go on. It is futile to try and change the cycle.
Tuesday, October 1, 2019
Discrimination and Ethnicity
With more than six billion people in this world, with a huge variety of human shapes, colors and sizes can race really be defined? As people spread across the world. Mixing among each other creating new kinds of faces there is no true race. But people such as Hitler believed that the Aryans where the superior race responsible got the cultural achievements in Europe and that they has to stop â€Å"racial contamination†that would come from breeding with inferior races by destroying them. Which caused the slaughtering of those deemed inferior: Jews, gypsies, homosexuals, slaves, and people with disabilities.It didn’t stop here, you’d think the world would try to make a difference but as Hitler era was fading, the â€Å"ethnic cleansing†by Serbs in Bosnia, the mass killings of Tutsis in Rwanda in 1994 were and are stilling taking place years after Hitler. What these people failed to see is that there is no â€Å"pure race†. People show such a mixture of physical characteristics – in skin color, hair textures, body shapes, eye color, height, weight and so on that there can not be a â€Å"pure race†. Our characteristics follow endlessly together, the mapping of genome system shows that were strikingly homogenous.Although large groups of people can be classified by blood type and gene frequencies they still cannot be classified as a race. The idea of a race in far from a myth, its embedded in our culture, it is part of our everyday lives. Sociologist D. S. Thomas observed that if people define situations as real, they’re real in their consequences in other words, people define situations as real, they’re real in their consequences in other words, people act on beliefs, not facts (Beckwith and Jones, 1997). As a result to that we will always have people like Hitler who feel that killing people that they believe is inferior is perfectly fine.Incidents such as the above still happen in today’s world but they are hidden from the public eye, what isn’t hidden and does continue toady seems as if no one is trying to make a difference is prejudice and discrimination, a war that will never stop. Prejudice can be defined as a prejudging of some sort, discrimination on the other hand can be defined as an action, and unfair treatment directed against someone on basis of their age, sex, height, origin, marital status, education, income, religion, etc, but when its due to race we usually call it racism.Why are people prejudices? The common sense answer is that people may have had a negative experience with a member of the other group. But Psychologists such as Eugene Hartley (1946) made studies showing that its more than just an old incident, his studies showed that prejudice against all other groups as well. Social scientists have developed several theories to explain prejudice; there are two types of theories, Scapegoat, and the Authoritarian Personality.People who are unable to release there stress to the source usually tend to release it on other people and they tend to find someone to blame their mishaps on and this usually becomes their scapegoat, often a racial, ethnic, or religious minority that they unfairly blame for their troubles. The other theory is The Authoritarian Personality Theodor Adorno’s term for people who are prejudice and rank high on scales of conformity, intolerance, insecurity, respect for authority, and submissive to superiors. Sociologists find these theories to be inadequate, they stress that the key to find prejudice is from the outside not form within.Sociologists focus on how some environments foster prejudice, while other discourages it. Sociologists have a few theories; Hitler used Functionalism, he hired Fritz Hippler, a Nazi intellectual was put in charge of the entire German film industry and he was told to create anti-Semitist, and he did by producing movies that compared Jews to rates, that their breeding would c ontaminate their â€Å"pure breed†. You can see that prejudice is functional and it creates in-group solidarity, and destroys human relationships. Conflict Theory- a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups competing for scarce resource.Symbolic interactionism examines how people’s labels affect perception and create prejudice. When we apply a label to a group we tend to see its members as all alike, this leads to stereotyping and discrimination and may even create a depicted behavior. Symbolic interaction shows that were not born to a â€Å"race†, and ethic group where we lean beliefs, values; we learn to perceive them negatively or positively. If discrimination is common in our groups, we learn to practice it commonly. Discrimination is like a learned skill if you practice it enough you won’t even realize you using it.William Julius Wilson, a sociologist, argues that social class has become important that race is determine the life chances of African Americans. Prior to the Civil War African Americans were excluded from everything that could help you advance in life and become wealthy. As African Americans moved out of the inner cities, as legislators began opening doors for African Americans, as a result they were able to get better paying jobs, live a middle-class life, but those who were left behind in the inner cities they were trapped in poverty (Wilson, 2001).I believe that people choose their way of life, yes it is true that things may be harder for an African American or a Latino person, but things are hard for everyone in their own individual ways. I do believe that in today’s world things aren’t based on race in some places yes but as from what I see I believe its based on your social class, who you are, who you know, where you work, and how much money you have, that’s what I believe matters in today’s society.Although sociologists like Charles Willie, states that even African Americans do the same work as whites, whites average higher pay than African American, he argues that it racial discrimination not social discrimination. He states that we need to provide more jobs for the people in the inner cities; with more jobs there’s more hope in inner cities and an anchor to a responsible life. But being richer for an African American is still a problem because certain people start assuming things for example an African American person driving a new car a cop tends to find reason to pull them over, just to make sure the car isn’t stolen.Both sociologists have a strong point of view, but I also do have my own view in prejudice and discrimination. In today’s society minority groups have a better chance to achieve their goals, for example everyone can attend the same college, travel the country, eat in the same place and even be best friends with someone of a different ethnicity, while this is taken for granted I honestly think it’s a beautiful thing. Prejudice and discrimination is a war that will be fought through out ones life regardless, of their race, color, size, height or social status.As we flash back we see that discrimination has always been around in all different forms. We, as the human race need to focus on not judging people before we know them for who they are. Today, there are so many type of people in the world that stereotyping are always incorrect. If everyone in the world had respect for one another we would live in peace and be able to let others believe in what they wish and except everyone’s differences. If we teach our children and change our ways, sometime in our future we will be closer to accepting that a man’s character is based upon content of his soul, not his color, ethnicity, or their religion.
Monday, September 30, 2019
As Level Physical Education Acquiring Movement Skills
AS Level Physical Education Acquiring Movement Skills Scheme of work – MCW |Lesson Title |Learning objectives |Homework | |Skill and Ability |Know the term ‘skill’; |Identify three gross motor abilities required for badminton. Justify your answers. | | |Understand different skills and explain how they influence sporting performance. Identify three perceptual (psychomotor) abilities required for volleyball. Justify your | | |Be able to explain the interaction between ‘skill’ and ‘ability’. |answers. | | | |Outline the difference between skill and ability and explain the relationship that exists | | | |between them. |Classification of motor skills |Know why skills are classified using continua. |Skill analysis on main skills from your number 1 sport. At least 10 skills. | | |Understand the different classifications of skills. |Place on each continuum. | | |Be able to identify specific sporting examples and justify your decisions for placin g them on| | | |a specific continuum. | |Classification of practice |Know the factors that need to be considered before a skill is taught. |Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using the whole and part methods of practice | | |Understand the different practice and teaching methods used to facilitate learning and |when developing a sports skill. (10 marks) | | |performance. | | |Be able to critically evaluate these methods and their effectiveness in the learning of | | | |skills. | | |Stages of learning |Know the terms ‘learning’ and ‘performance’. According to Fitts and Posner, performers pass through three stages of learning when | | |Understand the characteristics of the cognitive, associative and autonomous stages of |developing movement skills. | | |learning. |Use a practical example to explain the characteristics of each stage of learning | | |Be able to apply these phases of learning to practical activities. (cognitive, associative, and auto nomous). (3) | | | |Describe the type of feedback used at the cognitive, associative and autonomous stages of | | | |learning. (3) | |Types of guidance |Know the types of guidance used in the learning of skills. Using the example of a novice swimmer, explain how a teacher could use the four methods of| | |Understand which type of guidance is most suited to improve performance at each stage of |guidance to develop the pupil’s swimming skills. (4 marks) | | |learning. |What are the advantages and disadvantages of using manual and mechanical guidance for | | |Be able to critically evaluate these different types of guidance. teaching swimming to beginners? (6 marks) | |Types of practice and mental rehearsal |Know the factors that need to be considered before a skill is taught. |Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of distributed, massed, fixed and varied practice| | |Understand the appropriate use of practice methods to maximise effectiveness, including the |methods on the p erformance of movement skills. 10 marks) | | |role of mental rehearsal. | | | |Be able to critically evaluate different types of practice methods and their application to | | | |the performance of movement skills. | |Exam analysis |Know the areas of the exam which are areas of strength and those that are in need of |Re-write ‘model answers’ to exam paper. | | |improvement. | | |Understand how answers are marked in order to maximise your chances of scoring all available | | | |marks. | | |Be able to write model answers using the mark scheme as a guide. | | |Information processing |Know the key components of information processing. |Draw out your own copies of each of the models that we identified. | | |Understand and draw Welford’s and Whiting’s models of information processing. Choose one of the two models that we have identified (Whiting’s or Welford’s). | | |Be able to apply these models to the learning and performance of physical activi ties |Use a skill or a number of skills in your chosen activities to explain and illustrate how | | | |each component of the model works in that activity. |Memory |Understand the multi-store model of the memory process. |Revision | | |Understand the strategies that can be used to improve both short-term memory storage and | | | |long-term memory storage. | | |Be able to apply the memory process to the learning and performance of physical activities. | | |Reaction time |Know what is meant by reaction time, movement time and response time. |Identify and explain four factors that affect response time in practical activities(4 | | |Describe the impact of reaction time on performance. marks) | | |Understand factors that affect response time in practical activities |By using a practical example in sport, explain what is meant by simple reaction time in | | |Be able to apply the theories relating to reaction time to the performance of physical |sport. (2 marks) | | |activities. Choice r eaction (Hick’s law) can be explained through the use of a graph. Sketch a graph | | | |to illustrate the effect of choice reaction time on physical performance. (4 marks) | |Exam analysis |Know the areas of the exam which are areas of strength and those that are in need of |Re-write ‘model answers’ to exam paper. | |improvement. | | | |Understand how answers are marked in order to maximise your chances of scoring all available | | | |marks. | | |Be able to write model answers using the mark scheme as a guide. | | |Psychological refractory Period |To consolidate knowledge of reaction time in information processing. |5-10 minute revision presentation | | |Understand the role of anticipation in reaction time. Delivered on the topic you are assigned | | |Be able to apply the ‘psychological refractory period’ to practical activities. |Use the specification to guide you | | | |Need to provide a handout | | | |All presentations will be saved to share d area for whole group benefit |Feedback |Know the different types of feedback available to a performer. |With reference to the learning and performance of movement skills, critically evaluate the| | |Understand the links between use of feedback and the stages of learning. |use of feedback that a coach could use for a performer in the cognitive stage of learning. | |Be able to critically evaluate the different types of feedback to detect and correct errors. |(10 marks) | |Motor programmes |Know the nature of motor and executive programmes. |Plenary wheel activity | | |Understand the types of the motor programmes stored in the LTM. | | |Be able to explain the links to open loop control and the autonomous phase of learning. | | |Schema theory |Know the links between schema and motor programmes. |Page 10 – 2008 exam paper | | |Understand the sources of information used in schema theory. (Revision) | | |Be able to discuss the links between development of schema and organisat ion of practice. | | |Exam analysis |Know the areas of the exam which are areas of strength and those that are in need of |Re-write ‘model answers’ to exam paper. | | |improvement. | | |Understand how answers are marked in order to maximise your chances of scoring all available | | | |marks. | | | |Be able to write model answers using the mark scheme as a guide. | |Arousal |Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of arousal as a drive affecting levels of motivation. |No homework – Bring in folders next lesson. | | |Understand the major motivation and arousal theories: Drive Theory, Inverted U Theory and | | | |Catastrophe Theory. | | |Be able to represent each of the theories graphically | | |Motivation |Know about drive reduction theory and its impact on a lifelong, balanced active and healthy |What is meant by the dominant response?Why might the dominant response be of a good | | |lifestyle. |quality at the autonomous phase of learning? (4 marks) | | |Unde rstand motivational strategies and their application to learning and performance of |What is meant by arousal? Why might high levels of arousal be detrimental to the learning | | |physical activities. and performance of someone in the cognitive stages of learning? (4 marks) | | |Be able to critically evaluate motivation and arousal theories and the application of |Drive reduction is one method that can be used to motivate a performer in physical | | |motivational strategies. |education & sport. Use a practical example to explain Drive Reduction Theory. 4 marks) | |Theories of learning |The associationalist/connectionist theory of operant conditioning (Skinner); |Poster activity | | |The cognitive theory related to the work of Gestaltists; | | |Observational learning theory |Know the predication made by Social/observational learning theory; |Operant conditioning is one way of learning movement skills. Use a practical example to | | |Understand the importance of significant others i n the adoption of a balanced, active and |explain Operant Conditioning. (4 marks) | | |healthy lifestyle; |Social psychologists believe skills are best learned through observation.Explain how this| | |Be able to explain Bandura’s model and the factors that affect modelling. |happens and the impact that significant other can have on young people adopting an active,| | | |healthy lifestyle. (4marks) | | | |Identify and explain the four factors that Bandura identified as potential limiting | | | |factors in a learner’s use of modelling. 4 marks) | |Reinforcement of learning |Know the differences between positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and punishment. |Use practical examples to explain what is meant by the terms ‘S-R bond’; positive | | |Understand Thorndike’s Laws. |reinforcement, negative reinforcement and punishment. (4 marks) | | |Be able to discuss the appropriate use of reinforcement in skill learning and promoting |Thorndike sug gested three methods (Thorndike’s Laws) to strengthen the S-R bond. Use a | | |positive, healthy lifestyle behaviour. |practical example to explain each of these methods. 3 marks) | | | |Use practical examples to show how appropriate use of reinforcement in skill learning and | | | |promoting positive, healthy lifestyle behaviour. (4 marks) | |Exam analysis |Know the areas of the exam which are areas of strength and those that are in need of |Re-write ‘model answers’ to exam paper. | | |improvement. | | | |Understand how answers are marked in order to maximise your chances of scoring all available | | | |marks. | | |Be able to write model answers using the mark scheme as a guide. | | |Transfer of learning |Know the types of transfer that occur in practical performance. |Explain each of the five types of transfer and give examples to support your answer (5 | | |Understand ways of optimising the effect of positive transfer. |marks). | | |Understand ways of limit ing the effect of negative transfer. |How can a teacher or coach ensure that positive transfer takes place? (5 marks) | |Impacts of transfer on learning Understand the effects of transfer of learning on schema development and the importance of |Explain the links between varied practice, transfer of learning and Schema development (6 | | |variable practice. |marks) | | |Be able to critically evaluate the different types of transfer and their impact on the |Evaluate critically the different types of transfer and their impact on the development of| | |development of movement skills. |movement skills. (10 marks) |
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